Sexology’s Photographic Turn: Visualizing Trans Identity in Interwar Germany
Abstract
Scholars have identified the central importance of patient case histories in the professionalization of medicine in modernity, but to date relatively little attention has been directed towards the role of visual technologies in providing embodied representations of new medical categories, or in shaping relationships between sexologists, their patients, and both medical and non-medical readers of sexual scientific texts. This essay examines photographic representations of “transvestism” in works by prominent early twentieth-century German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld, and compares these with photographs of transvestites published in the interwar subcultural trans magazine Das 3. Geschlecht (The 3rd Sex). It argues that photographic evidence not only played a crucial role in sexologists’ attempts to establish their discipline as “legitimate knowledge” (Foucault), but that subcultural citations of medical images can shed light on a “queer critical history” (Doan) of trans experience and identity politics in the early twentieth century, queering the representational dynamics of anonymity and agency between sexologists and their patients.
References
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Bauer, Heike. English Literary Sexology: Translations of Inversion, 1860-1930. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
———. The Hirschfeld Archives: Violence, Death, and Modern Queer Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2017.
Benjamin, Walter. Gesammelte Schriften. Vol. I:2. 7 vols. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1989.
Bland, Lucy, and Laura Doan. Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998.
Brown, Elspeth, and Thy Phu, eds. Feeling Photography. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014.
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Canning, Kathleen. “Claiming Citizenship: Suffrage and Subjectivity in Germany after the First World War.” In Gender History in Practice: Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class & Citizenship, 212–37. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006.
Caplan, Jane. “Educating the Eye: The Tattooed Prostitute.” In Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires, edited by Lucy Bland and Laura Doan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
———. “The Administration of Gender Identity in Nazi Germany.” History Workshop Journal 72, no. 1 (2011): 171–80.
Crozier, Ivan. “Havelock Ellis, Eonism and the Patient’s Discourse; Or, Writing a Book about Sex.” History of Psychiatry 11 (2000): 125–54.
———. “Pillow Talk: Credibility, Trust and the Sexological Case History.” History of Science 46 (2008): 375–404.
Daston, Lorraine, and Peter Galison. Objectivity. New York: Zone, 2007.
Davidson, Arnold I. The Emergence of Sexuality: Historical Epistemology and the Formation of Concepts. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2001.
Doan, Laura. Disturbing Practices: History, Sexuality, and Women’s Experience of Modern War. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2013.
Dose, Ralf. Magnus Hirschfeld: The Origins of the Gay Liberation Movement. Translated by Edward H. Willis. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2014.
Ellis, Havelock. Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Vol. 7. 7 vols. Studies in the Psychology of Sex. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1919.
———. “Sexo-Aesthetic Inversion.” Alienist and Neurologist 34, no. May (1913): 156–67.
Epstein, Julia. “Historiography, Diagnosis, and Poetics.” Literature and Medicine 11, no. 1 (1992): 23–44.
Evans, Jennifer. “Introduction: Why Queer German History?” German History 34, no. 3 (2016): 371–84.
———. “Seeing Subjectivity: Erotic Photography and the Optics of Desire.” American Historical Review 118, no. 2 (2013): 430–62.
F. (Lehrer), J. G. “Ein Fall von Effemination mit Fetischismus.” Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 2 (1900): 324–44.
Forrester, John. “If p, Then What? Thinking in Cases.” History of the Human Sciences 9 (1996): 1–25.
Foucault, Michel. Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception. Translated by A. M. Sheridan Smith. New York: Vintage, 1994.
———. The History of Sexuality. Vol. 1: The Will to Knowledge. 3 vols. London: Penguin, 1998.
Goldmann, Lothar. “Über das Wesen des Umkleidungstriebes (Der Transvestitismus).” Geschlecht und Gesellschaft 12, no. 7–12 (1924): 281–88 (no. 7/8); 289–96 (no. 9/10); 334–78 (no. 11/12).
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Hacking, Ian. The Social Construction of What? Cambridge, MA: Havard UP, 1999.
Hagner, Michael. “Scientific Medicine.” In From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science, edited by David Cahan, 49–87. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
———. “Vom Naturalienkabinett zur Embryologie. Wandlungen des Monströsen und die Ordnung des Lebens.” In Der falsche Körper: Beiträge zu einer Geschichte der Monstrositäten, edited by Michael Hagner, 73–107. Göttingen: Wallstein, 1995.
Halberstam, Judith (Jack). In a Queer Time and Place: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives. New York: New York University Press, 2005.
Herrn, Rainer. Das 3. Geschlecht. Reprint der 1930-1932 erschienenen Zeitschrift für Transvestiten. Hamburg: Männerschwarm, 2016.
———. Schnittmuster des Geschlechts: Transvestitismus und Transsexualität in der frühen Sexualwissenschaft. Beiträge zur Sexualforschung 85. Gießen: Psychosozial-Verlag, 2005.
Herzer, Manfred. Magnus Hirschfeld: Leben und Werk eines jüdischen, schwulen und sozialistischen Sexologen. 2., Überarbeitete Aufl. Hamburg: MännerschwarmSkript Verlag, 2001.
Hill, Darryl. “Sexuality and Gender in Hirschfeld’s Die Transvestiten: A Case of the ‘Elusive Evidence of the Ordinary.’” Journal of the History of Sexuality 14, no. 3 (2005): 316–32.
Hirschfeld, Magnus. “Die objective Diagnose der Homosexualität.” Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 1 (1899).
———. Die Transvestiten. Eine Untersuchung über den erotischen Verkleidungstrieb. Berlin: Med. Verlag Alfred Pulvermacher, 1910.
Hirschfeld, Magnus, and Max Tilke. Der erotische Verkleidungstrieb (Die Transvestiten): Illustrierter Teil. Vol. 2. 2 vols. Berlin: Alfred Pulvermacher, 1912.
Jordanova, Ludmilla. Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.
Lalvani, Suren. Photography, Vision, and the Production of Modern Bodies. Albany: SUNY Press, 1996.
Lang, Birgit. “Die Erotik in der Photographie: Zum Habitus von Sexualwissenschaftern.” LiTheS, no. 5 (November 2010): 5–24.
Lang, Birgit, Joy Damousi, and Alison Lewis. A History of the Case Study: Sexology, Psychoanalysis, Literature. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017.
Leng, Kirsten. “Magnus Hirschfeld’s Meanings: Analysing Biography and the Politics of Representation.” German History 35, no. 1 (2017): 96–116.
Lorey, Isabell. State of Insecurity: Government of the Precarious. Translated by Aileen Derieg and Judith Butler. London, New York: Verso, 2015.
Mak, Geertje. “‘Passing Women’ im Sprechzimmer von Magnus Hirschfeld. Warum der Begriff ‘Transvestit’ nicht für Frauen in Männerkleidern eingeführt wurde (transl. Mirjam Hausmann).” Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften 9, no. 3 (1998): 384–99.
Makela, Maria. “Rejuvenation and Regen(d)eration: ‘Der Steinachfilm,’ Sex Glands, and Weimar-Era Visual and Literary Culture.” German Studies Review 38, no. 1 (2015): 35–62.
Mancini, Elena. Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Marhoefer, Laurie. “Lesbianism, Transvestitism, and the Nazi State: A Microhistory of a Gestapo Investigation, 1939-1943.” American Historical Review 121, no. 4 (2016): 1167–95.
———. Sex and the Weimar Republic: German Homosexual Emancipation and the Rise of the Nazis. Toronto: Toronto UP, 2015.
———. “‘The Book Was a Revelation, I Recognized Myself in It’: Lesbian Sexuality, Censorship, and the Queer Press in Weimar-Era Germany.” Journal of Women’s History 27, no. 2 (2015): 62–86.
Maxwell, Anne. Picture Imperfect: Photography and Eugenics, 1879-1940. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2008.
Muñoz, José Esteban. Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
Ochsner, Beate, and Anne Grebe, eds. Andere Bilder: Zur Produktion von Behinderung in der visuellen Kultur. Bielefeld: transcript, 2013.
Oosterhuis, Harry. “Sexual Modernity in the Works of Richard Von Krafft-Ebing and Albert Moll.” Medical History 56, no. 2 (2012): 133–55.
———. Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Peters, Kathrin. “Anatomy Is Sublime: The Photographic Activity of Wilhelm von Gloeden and Magnus Hirschfeld.” In Not Straight from Germany: Sexual Publics and Sexual Citizenship since Magnus Hirschfeld, edited by Michael Thomas Taylor, Annette F. Timm, and Rainer Herrn, 170–90. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2017.
———. Rätselbilder des Geschlechts: Körperwissen und Medialität um 1900. Zurich: Diaphanes, 2010.
Prickett, David James. “Magnus Hirschfeld and the Photographic (Re)Invention of the ‘Third Sex.’” In Visual Culture in Twentieth-Century Germany: Text as Spectacle, 103–19. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.
Prosser, Jay. Second Skins: The Body Narratives of Transsexuality. Gender and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.
“Queering Archives: A Roundtable Discussion. Anjali Arondekar, Ann Cvetkovich, Christina B. Hanhardt, Regina Kunzel, Tavia Nyong’o, Juana María Rodríguez, and Susan Stryker. (Compiled by Daniel Marshall, Kevin P. Murphy, and Zeb Tortorici).” Radical History Review 2015, no. 122 (May 2015).
Regener, Susanne. Fotografische Erfassung: Zur Geschichte medialer Konstruktionen des Kriminellen. Munich: Fink, 1999.
———. Visuelle Gewalt: Menschenbilder aus der Psychiatrie des 20. Jahrhunderts. Bielefeld: transcript, 2010.
Rogers, Molly. Delia’s Tears: Race, Science, and Photography in Nineteenth-Century America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.
Schaffner, Anna Katharina. Modernism and Perversion: Sexual Deviance in Sexology and Literature, 1850-1930. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
Schmidt, Gunnar. Anamorphotische Körper: Medizinische Bilder vom Menschen im 19. Jahrhundert. Cologne: Böhlau, 2001.
Scott, Joan W. “The Evidence of Experience.” Critical Inquiry 17, no. 4 (1991): 773–97.
Seitler, Dana. Atavistic Tendencies: The Culture of Science in American Modernity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.
Singer, T. Benjamin. “From the Medical Gaze to Sublime Mutations: The Ethics of (Re)Viewing Non-Normative Body Images.” In The Transgender Studies Reader, edited by Susan
Stryker and Stephen Whittle, 601–20. New York: Routledge, 2006.
Spector, Scott. Violent Sensations: Sex, Crime & Utopia in Vienna and Berlin, 1860-1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016.
Stekel, Wilhelm. “Chapter XIV. Fragmentary Analysis of a Transvestite.” In Frigidity in Woman, translated by James S. Van Teslaar, 2:237–72. Disorders of the Instincts and the Emotions. The Parapathia Disorders. New York: Livereight, 1926.
Stephens, Elizabeth. Anatomy as Spectacle: Public Exhibitions of the Body, 1700 to the Present. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2011.
———. “Touching Bodies: Tact/Ility in Nineteenth-Century Medical Photographs and Models.” In Bodies, Sex and Desire from the Renaissance to the Present. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
Stryker, Susan. Transgender History. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press, 2008.
———. “Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinarity.” Radical History Review 2008, no. 100 (2008): 145–57.
Sutton, Katie. “Sexological Cases and the Prehistory of Transgender Identity Politics in Interwar Germany.” In Cases and the Dissemination of Knowledge, 85–103. New York: Routledge, 2015.
———. The Masculine Woman in Weimar Germany. New York: Berghahn Books, 2011.
———. “‘We Too Deserve a Place in the Sun’: The Politics of Transvestite Identity in Weimar Germany.” German Studies Review 35, no. 2 (2012): 335–54.
Sykora, Katharina. “Umkleidekabinen des Geschlechts: Sexualmedizinische Fotographie im frühen 20. Jahrhundert.” Fotogeschichte: Beiträge zur Geschichte und Ästhetik der Fotografie 24, no. 92 (2004): 15–30.
Tagg, John. The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographies and Histories. London: Macmillan, 1988.
———. The Disciplinary Frame: Photographic Truths and the Capture of Meaning. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.
Tobin, Robert Deam. Peripheral Desires: The German Discovery of Sex. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 2015.
Tucker, Jennifer. Nature Exposed: Photography as Eyewitness in Victorian Science. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.
Vaccaro, Jeanne. “Look More at the Camera than at Me’: Susan and the Transgender Archive.” Radical History Review 2015, no. 122 (May 2015): 38–46.
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Anderson, Warwick. “The Case of the Archive.” In Cases and the Dissemination of Knowledge, 15–30. New York: Routledge, 2015.
Bauer, Heike. English Literary Sexology: Translations of Inversion, 1860-1930. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
———. The Hirschfeld Archives: Violence, Death, and Modern Queer Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2017.
Benjamin, Walter. Gesammelte Schriften. Vol. I:2. 7 vols. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1989.
Bland, Lucy, and Laura Doan. Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998.
Brown, Elspeth, and Thy Phu, eds. Feeling Photography. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014.
Butler, Judith. “‘We, The People’: Thoughts on Freedom of Assembly.” In What Is a People?, edited by Alain Badiou, Pierre Bourdieu, Judith Butler, Georges Didi-Huberman, Sadri Khiari, and Jacques Rancière, 49–64. New York: Columbia University Press, 2016.
Canning, Kathleen. “Claiming Citizenship: Suffrage and Subjectivity in Germany after the First World War.” In Gender History in Practice: Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class & Citizenship, 212–37. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006.
Caplan, Jane. “Educating the Eye: The Tattooed Prostitute.” In Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires, edited by Lucy Bland and Laura Doan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
———. “The Administration of Gender Identity in Nazi Germany.” History Workshop Journal 72, no. 1 (2011): 171–80.
Crozier, Ivan. “Havelock Ellis, Eonism and the Patient’s Discourse; Or, Writing a Book about Sex.” History of Psychiatry 11 (2000): 125–54.
———. “Pillow Talk: Credibility, Trust and the Sexological Case History.” History of Science 46 (2008): 375–404.
Daston, Lorraine, and Peter Galison. Objectivity. New York: Zone, 2007.
Davidson, Arnold I. The Emergence of Sexuality: Historical Epistemology and the Formation of Concepts. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2001.
Doan, Laura. Disturbing Practices: History, Sexuality, and Women’s Experience of Modern War. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2013.
Dose, Ralf. Magnus Hirschfeld: The Origins of the Gay Liberation Movement. Translated by Edward H. Willis. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2014.
Ellis, Havelock. Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies. Vol. 7. 7 vols. Studies in the Psychology of Sex. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1919.
———. “Sexo-Aesthetic Inversion.” Alienist and Neurologist 34, no. May (1913): 156–67.
Epstein, Julia. “Historiography, Diagnosis, and Poetics.” Literature and Medicine 11, no. 1 (1992): 23–44.
Evans, Jennifer. “Introduction: Why Queer German History?” German History 34, no. 3 (2016): 371–84.
———. “Seeing Subjectivity: Erotic Photography and the Optics of Desire.” American Historical Review 118, no. 2 (2013): 430–62.
F. (Lehrer), J. G. “Ein Fall von Effemination mit Fetischismus.” Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 2 (1900): 324–44.
Forrester, John. “If p, Then What? Thinking in Cases.” History of the Human Sciences 9 (1996): 1–25.
Foucault, Michel. Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception. Translated by A. M. Sheridan Smith. New York: Vintage, 1994.
———. The History of Sexuality. Vol. 1: The Will to Knowledge. 3 vols. London: Penguin, 1998.
Goldmann, Lothar. “Über das Wesen des Umkleidungstriebes (Der Transvestitismus).” Geschlecht und Gesellschaft 12, no. 7–12 (1924): 281–88 (no. 7/8); 289–96 (no. 9/10); 334–78 (no. 11/12).
Grossmann, Atina. “Magnus Hirschfeld, Sexualreform und die Neue Frau: Das Institut für Sexualwissenschaft und das Weimarer Berlin.” In Der Sexualreformer Magnus Hirschfeld: Ein Leben im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft, edited by Elke-Vera Kotowski and Julius H. Schoeps, 201–16. Berlin-Brandenburg: be.bra wissenschaft, 2004.
Gutheil, Emil, and Wilhelm Stekel. “XVI. Analyse eines Falles von Transvestitismus.” In Der Fetischismus, 7:534–70. Störungen des Trieb- und Affektlebens (die parapathischen Erkrankungen). Berlin, Vienna: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1923.
Hacking, Ian. The Social Construction of What? Cambridge, MA: Havard UP, 1999.
Hagner, Michael. “Scientific Medicine.” In From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science, edited by David Cahan, 49–87. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
———. “Vom Naturalienkabinett zur Embryologie. Wandlungen des Monströsen und die Ordnung des Lebens.” In Der falsche Körper: Beiträge zu einer Geschichte der Monstrositäten, edited by Michael Hagner, 73–107. Göttingen: Wallstein, 1995.
Halberstam, Judith (Jack). In a Queer Time and Place: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives. New York: New York University Press, 2005.
Herrn, Rainer. Das 3. Geschlecht. Reprint der 1930-1932 erschienenen Zeitschrift für Transvestiten. Hamburg: Männerschwarm, 2016.
———. Schnittmuster des Geschlechts: Transvestitismus und Transsexualität in der frühen Sexualwissenschaft. Beiträge zur Sexualforschung 85. Gießen: Psychosozial-Verlag, 2005.
Herzer, Manfred. Magnus Hirschfeld: Leben und Werk eines jüdischen, schwulen und sozialistischen Sexologen. 2., Überarbeitete Aufl. Hamburg: MännerschwarmSkript Verlag, 2001.
Hill, Darryl. “Sexuality and Gender in Hirschfeld’s Die Transvestiten: A Case of the ‘Elusive Evidence of the Ordinary.’” Journal of the History of Sexuality 14, no. 3 (2005): 316–32.
Hirschfeld, Magnus. “Die objective Diagnose der Homosexualität.” Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 1 (1899).
———. Die Transvestiten. Eine Untersuchung über den erotischen Verkleidungstrieb. Berlin: Med. Verlag Alfred Pulvermacher, 1910.
Hirschfeld, Magnus, and Max Tilke. Der erotische Verkleidungstrieb (Die Transvestiten): Illustrierter Teil. Vol. 2. 2 vols. Berlin: Alfred Pulvermacher, 1912.
Jordanova, Ludmilla. Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.
Lalvani, Suren. Photography, Vision, and the Production of Modern Bodies. Albany: SUNY Press, 1996.
Lang, Birgit. “Die Erotik in der Photographie: Zum Habitus von Sexualwissenschaftern.” LiTheS, no. 5 (November 2010): 5–24.
Lang, Birgit, Joy Damousi, and Alison Lewis. A History of the Case Study: Sexology, Psychoanalysis, Literature. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017.
Leng, Kirsten. “Magnus Hirschfeld’s Meanings: Analysing Biography and the Politics of Representation.” German History 35, no. 1 (2017): 96–116.
Lorey, Isabell. State of Insecurity: Government of the Precarious. Translated by Aileen Derieg and Judith Butler. London, New York: Verso, 2015.
Mak, Geertje. “‘Passing Women’ im Sprechzimmer von Magnus Hirschfeld. Warum der Begriff ‘Transvestit’ nicht für Frauen in Männerkleidern eingeführt wurde (transl. Mirjam Hausmann).” Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften 9, no. 3 (1998): 384–99.
Makela, Maria. “Rejuvenation and Regen(d)eration: ‘Der Steinachfilm,’ Sex Glands, and Weimar-Era Visual and Literary Culture.” German Studies Review 38, no. 1 (2015): 35–62.
Mancini, Elena. Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Marhoefer, Laurie. “Lesbianism, Transvestitism, and the Nazi State: A Microhistory of a Gestapo Investigation, 1939-1943.” American Historical Review 121, no. 4 (2016): 1167–95.
———. Sex and the Weimar Republic: German Homosexual Emancipation and the Rise of the Nazis. Toronto: Toronto UP, 2015.
———. “‘The Book Was a Revelation, I Recognized Myself in It’: Lesbian Sexuality, Censorship, and the Queer Press in Weimar-Era Germany.” Journal of Women’s History 27, no. 2 (2015): 62–86.
Maxwell, Anne. Picture Imperfect: Photography and Eugenics, 1879-1940. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2008.
Muñoz, José Esteban. Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
Ochsner, Beate, and Anne Grebe, eds. Andere Bilder: Zur Produktion von Behinderung in der visuellen Kultur. Bielefeld: transcript, 2013.
Oosterhuis, Harry. “Sexual Modernity in the Works of Richard Von Krafft-Ebing and Albert Moll.” Medical History 56, no. 2 (2012): 133–55.
———. Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Peters, Kathrin. “Anatomy Is Sublime: The Photographic Activity of Wilhelm von Gloeden and Magnus Hirschfeld.” In Not Straight from Germany: Sexual Publics and Sexual Citizenship since Magnus Hirschfeld, edited by Michael Thomas Taylor, Annette F. Timm, and Rainer Herrn, 170–90. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2017.
———. Rätselbilder des Geschlechts: Körperwissen und Medialität um 1900. Zurich: Diaphanes, 2010.
Prickett, David James. “Magnus Hirschfeld and the Photographic (Re)Invention of the ‘Third Sex.’” In Visual Culture in Twentieth-Century Germany: Text as Spectacle, 103–19. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.
Prosser, Jay. Second Skins: The Body Narratives of Transsexuality. Gender and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.
“Queering Archives: A Roundtable Discussion. Anjali Arondekar, Ann Cvetkovich, Christina B. Hanhardt, Regina Kunzel, Tavia Nyong’o, Juana María Rodríguez, and Susan Stryker. (Compiled by Daniel Marshall, Kevin P. Murphy, and Zeb Tortorici).” Radical History Review 2015, no. 122 (May 2015).
Regener, Susanne. Fotografische Erfassung: Zur Geschichte medialer Konstruktionen des Kriminellen. Munich: Fink, 1999.
———. Visuelle Gewalt: Menschenbilder aus der Psychiatrie des 20. Jahrhunderts. Bielefeld: transcript, 2010.
Rogers, Molly. Delia’s Tears: Race, Science, and Photography in Nineteenth-Century America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.
Schaffner, Anna Katharina. Modernism and Perversion: Sexual Deviance in Sexology and Literature, 1850-1930. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
Schmidt, Gunnar. Anamorphotische Körper: Medizinische Bilder vom Menschen im 19. Jahrhundert. Cologne: Böhlau, 2001.
Scott, Joan W. “The Evidence of Experience.” Critical Inquiry 17, no. 4 (1991): 773–97.
Seitler, Dana. Atavistic Tendencies: The Culture of Science in American Modernity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.
Singer, T. Benjamin. “From the Medical Gaze to Sublime Mutations: The Ethics of (Re)Viewing Non-Normative Body Images.” In The Transgender Studies Reader, edited by Susan
Stryker and Stephen Whittle, 601–20. New York: Routledge, 2006.
Spector, Scott. Violent Sensations: Sex, Crime & Utopia in Vienna and Berlin, 1860-1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016.
Stekel, Wilhelm. “Chapter XIV. Fragmentary Analysis of a Transvestite.” In Frigidity in Woman, translated by James S. Van Teslaar, 2:237–72. Disorders of the Instincts and the Emotions. The Parapathia Disorders. New York: Livereight, 1926.
Stephens, Elizabeth. Anatomy as Spectacle: Public Exhibitions of the Body, 1700 to the Present. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2011.
———. “Touching Bodies: Tact/Ility in Nineteenth-Century Medical Photographs and Models.” In Bodies, Sex and Desire from the Renaissance to the Present. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
Stryker, Susan. Transgender History. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press, 2008.
———. “Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinarity.” Radical History Review 2008, no. 100 (2008): 145–57.
Sutton, Katie. “Sexological Cases and the Prehistory of Transgender Identity Politics in Interwar Germany.” In Cases and the Dissemination of Knowledge, 85–103. New York: Routledge, 2015.
———. The Masculine Woman in Weimar Germany. New York: Berghahn Books, 2011.
———. “‘We Too Deserve a Place in the Sun’: The Politics of Transvestite Identity in Weimar Germany.” German Studies Review 35, no. 2 (2012): 335–54.
Sykora, Katharina. “Umkleidekabinen des Geschlechts: Sexualmedizinische Fotographie im frühen 20. Jahrhundert.” Fotogeschichte: Beiträge zur Geschichte und Ästhetik der Fotografie 24, no. 92 (2004): 15–30.
Tagg, John. The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographies and Histories. London: Macmillan, 1988.
———. The Disciplinary Frame: Photographic Truths and the Capture of Meaning. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.
Tobin, Robert Deam. Peripheral Desires: The German Discovery of Sex. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 2015.
Tucker, Jennifer. Nature Exposed: Photography as Eyewitness in Victorian Science. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.
Vaccaro, Jeanne. “Look More at the Camera than at Me’: Susan and the Transgender Archive.” Radical History Review 2015, no. 122 (May 2015): 38–46.
Weindling, Paul. “Bourgeois Values, Doctors and the State: The Professionalization of Medicine in Germany 1848-1933.” In The German Bourgeoisie, edited by David Blackbourn and Richard J. Evans, 198–223. London: Routledge, 1991.
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2018-10-09
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