Beyond the Depathologization of Homosexuality: Evelyn Hooker, Boundary Shifting, and the Emergence of Constructivism in Sexuality Studies
Abstract
This essay uses methods from the history of sexuality and science and technology studies (STS) to collapse divisions between the history of constructivist sexuality studies in the social sciences and humanities, on the one hand, and the history of clinical, biomedical, and behavioral sex research, on the other. It does so by focusing on the contributions of and networks of intellectual exchange that surrounded one key actor in this milieu: Evelyn Hooker. Hooker was a psychologist who is best known for “depathologizing” homosexuality in a 1957 paper that was cited during the campaign to remove homosexuality from the DSM-II in the 1970s. However, an analysis of Hooker’s publications, correspondence, citational relationships, mentorship, and intellectual exchanges reveals that her contributions went far beyond merely “depathologizing” homosexuality within the disciplines of psychiatry and psychology. Indeed, a close analysis of her work from the 1950s shows that Hooker was anachronistically deploying a kind of social constructionist approach in her research on male homosexuality in the 1950s, decades before the social construction of sexuality solidified into a paradigm. Further, Hooker was a “boundary shifter” in the development of constructivist sexuality studies in the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. Indeed, she directly contributed to this paradigm’s emergence in the social sciences. Owing in part to her training in psychology and her position as an untenured woman, Hooker was able to translate between and act as an insider within different communities of clinical, biomedical, social scientific, behavioral, humanist, and activist researchers in exceptional ways. The intellectual networks that are revealed when one traces Hooker’s movements between these worlds highlight how constructivist sexuality studies emerged from exchanges between researchers in many disciplines, and not strictly from the social sciences and humanities. I conclude by suggesting “the asynchronicity of epistemic emergence,” a framework for tracing concepts in the history of sexuality studies.References
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