Conflicting Heterosexualities. Hermaphroditism and the Emergence of Surgery Around 1900
Abstract
Around 1900, new surgical options radically changed the way patients with a doubtful sex were dealt with. New practical and ethical dilemmas emerged. Fear for homosexuality was one of the main guidelines for those clinicians, as several historians have argued. However, fear for which homosexuality, precisely? This article discusses the many different, if not conflicting versions of heterosexuality (or “fear for homosexuality”) enacted in the clinical treatment of hermaphrodites. It argues that acknowledging the internal inconsistencies and conflicts within heterosexuality might offer a promising critical tool.
References
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Eugen Wilhelm, Die rechtliche Stellung der (körperlichen) Zwitter de lege lata und de lege ferenda (Halle a. S.: Carl Marhold Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1909).
H. Zangger, “Über einen Fall von Pseudohermaphroditismus masculinus externus in pathologischanatomischer, psychologischer und forensischer Hinsicht,” Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Strafrecht XVIII(1905): 303-14.
Author 2005b.
Author 2006.
Author 2012.
Paul Brouardel,“Malformation des organes génitaux de la femme. Y a-t-il lieu de reconnaitre l’existence d'un troisième sexe?,” Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale Série 4, tome I, No. 3 (1904): 93-204.
Judith Butler, Bodies that Matter. On the Discursive Limits of “Sex” (New York and London: Routledge 1993), 1-23
W.F. Bynum, Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press 1994).
D. Dalloz, (ed.), Jurisprudence Générale.Tome II (Paris: Bureau de la Jurisprudence Générale 1882), 155-6.
Charles Debierre, “L'Hermaphrodite devant le code civil. L'hermaphroditisme, sa nature, son origine, ses conséquences sociales,” Archives de l'anthropologie criminelle I(1886): 305-43, 335-8.
Alice Domurat Dreger, Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press 1998), 110-130.
Anne Fausto-Sterling, “The Five Sexes: Why male and female are not enough,” The Sciences Mar-Apr (1993).
Michel Foucault, Abnormal. Lectures at the Collège de France 1974-1975. Valerio Marchetti and Antonella Salomoni (eds.) (Trans. Graham Burchell) (New York: Picador 1999): 55-80.
A. Geijl, “Over operatief ingrijpen bij pseudohermaphroditismus masculinus of femininus externus,” Medisch weekblad van Noord- en Zuid-Nederland IX(1902): 22-38, 281-4, 326-30, 381-8, 397-404, 413-20, 433-5, 464-71, 494-501, 512-9, 555-8, 567-70, 586-91, 632-9; 328-9.
J. Riddle Goffe, “A Pseudohermaphrodite, in which the Female Characteristics Predominated. Operation for Removal of the Penis and the Utilization of the Skin Covering it for Formation of a Vaginal Canal,” American Journal of Obstetrics And Diseases of Women And Children XLVIII, No. 6 (1903): 755-63.
J. Riddle Goffe, “Hermaphroditism and the True Determination of Sex,” Interstate medical journal St. Louis XI, May (1904): 314-5.
Guermonprez, “Une erreur de sexe avec ses conséquences,” Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale 3e série, tome XXVIII, Sept-Oct (1892): 242-75, 296-306.
Judith Halberstam, Female Masculinity (Durham and London: Duke University press, 1998).
Bernice Hausman, Changing Sex. Transsexualism, Technology and the Idea of Gender (Durham and London: Duke University Press 1995), 72-109.
Stefan Hirschauer, Die soziale Konstruktion der Transsexualität (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp 1993).
Philippe Jalabert, “Examen doctrinal de jurisprudence civile,” Revue critique de législation et de jurisprudence Nouvelle série, tome 2, No. 22 (1872): 129-49.
N.D. Jewson, “The Disappearance of the Sick-Man From Medical Cosmology, 1770-1870,” Sociology 10, No. 2(1976): 225-44.
Theodor Landau, “Über Hermaphroditen. Nebst einigen Bemerkungen über die Erkenntnis und die rechtliche Stellung dieser Individuen,” Berliner klininische Wochenschrift XL, No. 15 (1903): 339-43.
Theodor Landau, “Mann oder Weib,” Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie IIXX, No. 7(1904): 203-4.
Bruno Latour, Reassembling the Social. An introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press 2005).
Christina Matta, “Ambiguous bodies and deviant sexualities. Hermaphrodites, homosexuality, and surgery in the United States, 1850-1904,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 48, no. 1 (2005): 74-83.
Annemarie Mol, The Body Multiple. Ontology in Medical Practice (Durham and London: Duke University Press 2002).
Annemarie Mol, “Actor-Network Theory: Sensitive terms and enduring tensions,” in: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 50 no. 1(2010): 253-269.
Franz-Ludwig von Neugebauer, “Quarante-quatre erreurs de sexe révelées par l'opération. Soixante-douze opérations chirurgicales d'urgence, de complaisance ou de complicité pratiquées chez des pseudo-hermaphrodites et personnes…,” Revue de gynécologie et de chirurgie abdominale, IV No.4 (1900): 457-518.
Franz-Ludwig von Neugebauer, „Chirurgische Überraschungen auf dem Gebiete des Scheinzwittertums,” Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, V, no 1(1903): 205-424, 203-424.
Franz Ludwig von Neugebauer, “Mann oder Weib? Sechs eigene Beobachtungen von Scheinzwittertum und ‚Erreur de Sexe’,” Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie IIXX, No. 2 (1904a): 33-51.
Franz Ludwig von Neugebauer, “Letter to the editor,” Interstate medical journal St. Louis XI, May (1904b): 317-318.
Franz Ludwig von Neugebauer, “What Value Has the Knowledge of Pseudo-Hermaphroditism for the Practitioner?” Interstate Medical Journal XI, Feb (1904c): 103-24.
Franz Ludwig von Neugebauer, Hermaphroditismus beim Menschen (Leipzig: Werner Klinkhardt, 1908).
Martin S. Pernick, A Calculus of Suffering. Pain, Professionalism, and Anesthesia in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Colombia University Press 1985).
Alison Redick, American History XY: The Medical Treatment of Intersex, 1916-1955 (PhD Dissertation, New York: New York University, 2004), 2.
Elizabeth Reis, Bodies in Doubt. An American History of Intersex (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press 2009).
A. Solowij, “Ein Beitrag zum Hermaphroditismus,” Monatsschrift für Geburtshülfe und Gynäkologie IX(1899): 210-1.
Fred J. Taussig, “Shall a Pseudo-Hermaphrodite be Allowed to Decide to Which Sex He or She Shall Belong?,” American Journal of Obstetrics And Diseases of Women And Children 49, no. 2 (1904a):162-5.
Fred J. Taussig, “Editorial Comment,” Interstate Medical Journal St. Louis XI, Feb (1904b): 134.
Fred J. Taussig,, “Rejoinder to Dr. Goffe’s letter,” Interstate Medical Journal St. Louis XI, May (1904c): 316-7.
James N. West, “Sterility From Vaginal Causes,” Medical News XXCV(1904): 58-61, 59.
C.W.J. Westerman,“Over miskend pseudohermaphroditisme,” Nederlandsch tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde XXXIX, No 18 (1903): 1009-12.
Eugen Wilhelm, Die rechtliche Stellung der (körperlichen) Zwitter de lege lata und de lege ferenda (Halle a. S.: Carl Marhold Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1909).
H. Zangger, “Über einen Fall von Pseudohermaphroditismus masculinus externus in pathologischanatomischer, psychologischer und forensischer Hinsicht,” Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Strafrecht XVIII(1905): 303-14.
